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Maximilian von Spee
Maximilian Reichsgraf von Spee (22 June 1861 – 8 December 1914) was a naval officer of the German ''Kaiserliche Marine'' (Imperial Navy), who famously commanded the German East Asia Squadron during World War I. Spee entered the navy in 1878 and served in a variety of roles and locations, including on a colonial gunboat in German West Africa in the 1880s, the East Africa Squadron in the late 1890s, and as commander of several warships in the main German fleet in the early 1900s. During his time in Germany in the late 1880s and early 1890s, he married his wife, Margareta, and had three children, his sons Heinrich and Otto and his daughter Huberta. By 1912, he had returned to the East Asia Squadron as its commander, and was promoted to the rank of ''Vizeadmiral'' (Vice Admiral) the following year.
After the outbreak of World War I in July 1914, Spee led his squadron across the Pacific to the coast of South America. Here on 1 November, he defeated the British 4th Cruiser Squadron under Rear Admiral Christopher Cradock in the Battle of Coronel, sinking two of Cradock's cruisers and forcing his other two ships to retreat. A month later, Spee decided to attack the British naval base in the Falkland Islands, though a superior British force surprised him. In the ensuing Battle of the Falkland Islands, Vice Admiral Doveton Sturdee's squadron, which included two powerful battlecruisers, destroyed the East Asia Squadron. Spee and his two sons, who happened to be serving on two of his ships, were all killed, along with about 2,200 other men. Spee was hailed as a hero in Germany, and several ships were named in his honor, including the heavy cruiser , which was built in the 1930s and was defeated in the Battle of the River Plate during World War II.
==Early career==
Maximilian Johannes Maria Hubert von Spee was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 22 June 1861, though he was raised in the Rhineland in Germany, where his family had an estate. He joined the ''Kaiserliche Marine'' (Imperial Navy) in 1878 and initially served in the main German naval base at Kiel.〔Stewart, p. 283〕〔Tucker & Roberts, p. 1108〕 He was commissioned an officer at the rank of ''Leutnant zur See'' (Lieutenant at Sea), and was assigned to the gunboat , which was sent to western Africa. During this voyage, the Germans signed treaties with local rulers in Togo and Cameroon, creating the colonies of Togoland and Kamerun, respectively.〔Callo & Wilson, p. 290〕 In 1887, Spee was transferred to Kamerun where he commanded the port at Duala. He contracted rheumatic fever while there, and had to be sent back to Germany to recover, though he occasionally suffered from rheumatism for the rest of his life.〔〔 After returning to Germany in 1889, he married his wife, Margareta Baroness von der Osten-Sacken.〔McNally, p. 32〕 With her he had two sons–Otto, born on 10 July 1890, Heinrich, born on 24 April 1893–and one daughter, Huberta, born on 11 July 1894.〔Kirchhoff, p. 8〕
In December 1897, Spee was stationed in Germany's East Asia Squadron after it seized the concession at Kiautschou Bay, with its port at Tsingtao. Here, he served on the staff of ''Vizeadmiral'' Otto von Diederichs.〔〔 During the Boxer Rebellion in China in 1900, Spee saw action at Tsingtao and on the Yangtze.〔 After arriving back in Germany, he was promoted to the rank of ''Korvettenkapitän'' (Corvette Captain) and assigned as the first officer aboard the pre-dreadnought battleship .〔 Between 1900 and 1908, Spee held command of several ships, including the aviso , the minelayer , and finally the pre-dreadnought . During this period, he was promoted to ''Fregattenkapitän'' (Frigate Captain) on 27 January 1904 and to ''Kapitän zur See'' (Captain at Sea) exactly a year later; his command of ''Wittelsbach'' followed the latter promotion. In 1908, he was assigned as the chief of staff to the commander of the North Sea Station, and in 1910 he was promoted to the rank of ''Konteradmiral'' (''KAdm''–Counter Admiral).〔〔〔 Spee was then assigned as the deputy commander for the reconnaissance forces of the High Seas Fleet.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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